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In this work a new mesoporous adsorbent material obtained from a natural, high abundant raw material and a high volume industrial by-product is presented. The material is consolidated by the gelling properties of alginate and by decomposition of sodium-bicarbonate controlled porosity at low temperatures (70–80°C) at different scale lengths. The structural, thermal, and morphological characterization shows that the material is a mesoporous organic-inorganic hybrid. The material is tested as adsorbent, showing high performances.
Methylene blue, used as model pollutant, can be adsorbed and removed from aqueous solutions even at a high concentration with efficiency up to 94%. By coating the material with a 100 nm thin film of titania, good photodegradation performance (more than 20%) can be imparted. Based on embodied energy and carbon footprint of its primary production, the sustainability of the new obtained material is evaluated and quantified in respect to activated carbon as well. It is shown that the new proposed material has an embodied energy lower than one order of magnitude in respect to the one of activated carbon, which represents the gold standards.
The versatility of the new material is also demonstrated in terms of its design and manufacturing possibilities In addition, this material can be printed in 3D. Finally, preliminary results about its ability to capture diesel exhaust particulate matter are reported. The sample exposed to diesel contains a large amount of carbon in its surface.
At the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that hybrid porous materials are proposed as a new class of sustainable materials, produced to reduce pollutants in the wastewaters and in the atmosphere. Introduction Millions of tons of dyes and other organic compounds are discharge in the environment from many industries every year (Feng et al., ). Several of these compounds are toxic and threatening human life and the environment and can produce carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic effects.
In the last decades, many different approaches for waste water treatment and more specifically dye or contaminants removal have been proposed; they include membrane filtration, ion-exchange, coagulation, flocculation, microbiological or enzymatic decomposition, advanced oxidation, and adsorption (Feng et al., ). All these methods are currently applied and meet different degree of success. Among them, adsorption is considered a more feasible alternative due to its simplicity, ease of operation, ability to respond rapidly to changing conditions, insensitivity to toxicity, and high efficiency and convenience. Today, the most commonly used adsorbent is activated carbon, which represents the state-of-the art. It has a high adsorption capacity for dyes, organic contaminants and heavy metals (Nayak and Pal, ). However, it is an expensive natural resource to produce and to regenerate (Tsang et al., ), and the use is often limited due to its higher cost, poor adsorbent regeneration capacity and other problems related to the disposal of the end-of-life sorbent (De Gisi et al.,; Nayak and Pal, ). Consequently, alternative lower-cost materials for substituting activated carbon are still a challenging issue.